proximity is mere exposure. Mere exposure is a phenomenon by which more frequent exposure to and familiarity with a stimulus (e.g., an object, person, song) lead to greater liking of that Theory 3- Mere Exposure Effect: This happens in both Online dating and dating in general. People like things that are familar to them. The more that they are around someone or · The mere exposure effect is one of the many mental shortcuts our brains use to make quick decisions. When presented with options, the mere exposure effect says our Missing: online dating
Mere Exposure Effect - Meaning, Importance, Examples, Limitations
The mere exposure effect finds mere exposure effect online dating people show an increased preference or liking for a stimulus the more that they are exposed to that stimulus. The first scientist to identify the mere exposure effect was Robert Zajonc. Zajonc suggests that the relationship between exposure and liking has the shape of a positive, decelerating curve. The more someone is exposed to a stimulus, the more they like it; but the first few exposures are much more powerful than later ones Zajonc, The hypothesis allows for other bases for liking without repetition, and that liking that derives from increased exposure can be offset by other factors.
It also does neither require nor completely exclude other effects of being familiar with a stimulus. These studies studied word frequency and the evaluation of that word, interpersonal contact and interpersonal attraction, and the familiarity of musical selections and other stimuli to people expressing liking for them Harrison, Studies have found correlations between word frequency typically obtained from Thorndike-Lorge count and how people view the word's connotation.
However, R. Johnson, Thomson, and Frincke were the first to raise the possibility that there is a relationship between word frequency and meaning. The researchers found that more frequent words tended to have more favorable connotations than less frequently used words. In 26 of 30 pairs of words the high frequency member was chosen to have a more positive connotation than the less frequent word, and nonsense words that had familiar English-language letter combinations tended to receive more favorable ratings than nonsense words that did not contain familiar letter combinations.
To add to this prior research, Zajonc asked students to indicate which members of pairs of antonyms had the most favorable meanings. Zajonc found similar effects with letters combined with numbers, mere exposure effect online dating, where more frequent i. lower numbers tended to be treated more favorably than low-frequency numbers. However, it must be noted that these studies do not provide definitive support for the mere exposure hypothesis.
Zajonc also discussed two lines of research instigated prior to his paper on the mere exposure hypothesis that suggested a link between exposure and interpersonal attraction. First of all, studies of the relationship between proximity and friendship show that people who are physically close to each other and thus likely to come into repeated contact often become friends Festinger, Mere exposure effect online dating, and Back, ; Priest and Sawyer, ; Segal, Secondly, studies into race relations have suggested that interracial contact can lead to a reduction in prejudice, even when factors such as status inequality, competition, and cultural customs can limit this effect Allport, ; Amir, ; Deutsch and Collins, ; Pettigrew, Studies have shown in general that there is a correlation between familiarity and liking for individuals and groups.
For example, Harrrisonmere exposure effect online dating, in studying liking ratings of public figures and of 40 fabricated individuals correlated strongly with their exposure in printed media, and Stang a found that the ratings of presidents in the United States correlated strongly with how much their names were published in archival sources.
Additionally, many experiments on the effects of exposure on attraction have focused on mere exposure effect online dating effect. In one such experiment Stang a posted mere exposure effect online dating 0, 20, or posters asking students to elect a fictitious person to the editorship of a student publication. Those who had seen the postures were more likely to vote for the publicized candidate.
In another study, using photographs, L. Wilson and Nakajo found that increasing the number of times a person's photograph was shown lead to increasingly favorable ratings of personality, sociaal appeal, and emotional stability, mere exposure effect online dating. In contrast to the word frequency and interpersonal exposure studies discussed before, many studies investigating the effects of exposure to reactions to musical selections have shown that low and intermediate-frequency stimuli tend to be the best liked Harrison, Several studies on the mere exposure effect have shown that the more people are exposed to unfamiliar music, the more positively they tend to rate it Bornstein and Lemly, Nonetheless, there is a long lineage of studies demonstrating the mere exposure effect in music.
One of the earliest of these, Meyershowed that when a novel composition was played several times, people were four times more likely to increase their liking of the composition than decrease their liking. However, other evidence has contradicted the mere exposure effect. For example, Jakobovitsmere exposure effect online dating, using music sales as a proxy for liking, found that as popular music was aired more and more frequently on radios, there were increased following decreased sales that is, likingfor their music.
Mere exposure effect online dating, sales could have dwindled for mere exposure effect online dating reasons, such as all fans buying a copy of the song. Perhaps more compellingly, Bush and Pease found that playing a song 30 times in succession led to an increased polarization of ratings, with more individuals shifting negative than positive, and Shaife found that exposure can lead to either increased or decreased liking depending on the selections Harrison, Although there are many studies presenting what appear to be mere exposure effects, controversy has arisen from their reproducibility, mere exposure effect online dating.
Harrison presents a number of variables that may lead to some studies yielding mere exposure effects while others have not. He argues that so-called stimulus variables, presentation variables, and measurement variables interact with exposure to determine liking. Whether or not an exposure effect is observed can partly depend on the properties of the stimuli that have been selected.
Stimulus variables can include initial or preexposure familiarity, initial or pre-exposure meaning, discriminability, recognizability, and complexity Harrison, For example, in a Washburn et al. study, mere exposure effects diminished or were eliminated when the selections were initially familiar rather than novel. In a similar way, mere exposure effect online dating, Maslow found exposure effects for initially novel paintings and names, mere exposure effect online dating, but was not able to influence attitudes by varying the exposure of already familiar objects Harrison, These hypotheses assume that the exposure effect reflects changes in meaning that are not reflective of how that person evaluates the stimulus Grush, ; Jakobovits, ; Harrison, For example, the semantic satiation hypothesis posits that stimulus repetition leads to a loss of meaning, resulting in initially negatively toned stimuli becoming less negative with exposure, while initially positively toned stimuli become less pleasing with repetition.
In contrast, the semantic generation interpretation suggests that exposure leads to increases in meaning in a way that initially positively toned stimuli become more positive over exposures while initially disliked stimuli become more negatively toned over exposure Haarrison, Zajonnc, Shaver, Tavrrris, and VanKreveld noted that paintings shown once prior to being rated were better-liked than novel paintings.
A second experiment from the researchers revealed that although exposure led to an increased and then increased liking for both similar and dissimilar stimuli, maximum liking for the less-discriminable stimuli required a greater number of exposures Harrison, Researchers have argued for and against recognizability as a cause of the mere-exposure effect.
For example, Moreland had subjects rate stimuli according to how recognizable and familiar stimuli were. Repetition led to an increase in recognition, greater confidence in recognition judgments, greater subjective familiarity, and greater liking.
However, other analyses have demonstrated that the objective frequency of exposure may be the best predictor of liking, while subjective ratings of familiarity and recognition did not explain liking.
Reducing the complexity of a stimulus can also lower the likelihood of an exposure effect. Again, as Skaife found, while the repetition of a simple tune leads to less favorable reactions, the repetition of a complex song can yield exposure effects. Berlyne, meanwhile, found greater declines over exposure when the stimuli were mere exposure effect online dating rather than complex.
Exposure does not occur in a vacuum, and thus the affective reactions elicited by a situation or context in which an exposure occurs can become increasingly associated with the exposure stimuli as exposure progresses. Mere exposure effect online dating, if a stimulus is presented in a context that elicits unpleasant emotional reactions, exposure should lead to a decreased liking for that stimulus and vice versa Burgess and Sales, To test this hypothesis, M.
Johnson treated participants harshly, and perched them on hard stools in a room that smelled of formaldehyde where the temperature was 35 degrees Celsius and still found that there were positive exposure effects comparable to the one in the condition where the unfavorable conditions had not been imposed. In another study, Saaegert et al. Exposure led to increased interpersonal attraction both in conditions where subjects tested pleasant solutions and in ones where they sampled bitter concoctions.
Context studies have gone beyond merely mere exposure. For example, Zajonc et al. Those in the condition where the image of criminal and contributor were reinforced such as by showing a photo of the crime tended to develop more favorable ratings of the contributors had less favorable, but tampered, ratings of the criminals; meanwhile, in the condition where this was not enforced, both the criminals and contributors receive more favorable ratings over time Harrison, Harrison, Overall, these studies on context show that mere exposure and associative learning effects are independent and mere exposure effect online dating. Exposure in a negative context can lead to disliking, but the mere exposure effect serves to inhibit this decline Harrison, Harrison, Berylune was one of the mere exposure effect online dating to provide experimental evidence by showing that high-frequency stimuli declined in judged pleasantness more rapidly when presented in homologous sequences Harrison, Harrison, When the paintings of impressionists, such as Claude Monet, were first displayed, they received scathing reviews.
Similarly, wide criticism followed the display of early Cubist and Expressionist works. However, with time — and repeated viewings — aesthetic judgements shift, and attitudes regarding the now-familiar style become more positive Bornstein and Craver-Lemly, Harrison argues that the vastly shifting attitudes about the structure resulted from the mere exposure effect.
The tower was ubiquitous and inescapable and likely to be seen day after day. It soon became a familiar part of the skyline and thus, according to the mere-exposure hypothesis formulated by Zajonc, more widely liked Zajonc, ; Harrison, Marketing researchers have incorporated findings from research on mere exposure into a number of contemporary advertising campaigns Mere exposure effect online dating, ; Ruggieri and Boca, ; Bornstein and Craaver-Lemly, mere exposure effect online dating, Janiszewskifor example, found that mere exposure to a brand name or product package can encourage a consumer to have a more favorable attitude toward the brand.
Even when the consumer cannot recollect the initial exposure and investigated why the mere exposure effects persist when these initial exposures to brand names and product packages are incidental and devoid of intentional effort to process the brand information. Charlotte Nickerson is a member of the Class of at Harvard University. Coming from a research background in biology and archeology, Charlotte currently studies how digital and physical space shapes human beliefs, norms, and behaviors and how this can be used to create businesses with greater social impact.
Nickerson, C. Contributions of Erich Fromm to Psycholog. Simply Psychology. Amir, Y. Contact hypothesis in ethnic relations. Psychological Bulletin, 71 5— Anderson H, mere exposure effect online dating, N. Likableness Ratings of Personality - Trait Words. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9 3— Berlyne, D. Novelty, complexity, and hedonic value, mere exposure effect online dating.
Psychonomic Journals, 8 5A— Bornstein, R. Mere exposure effect. Pohl Ed. Boucher, J. The pollyanna hypothesis. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8 11—8. Burgess II, T. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7 4 Bush, P. Pop records and connotative satiation: Test of Jakobovits' theory.
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, time: 7:19Use the mere exposure effect to improve your social life - Dr. Patrick Keelan, Calgary Psychologist
· The mere exposure effect finds that people show an increased preference or liking for a stimulus the more that they are exposed to that stimulus. This effect is most likely to Missing: online dating proximity is mere exposure. Mere exposure is a phenomenon by which more frequent exposure to and familiarity with a stimulus (e.g., an object, person, song) lead to greater liking of that · The mere exposure effect is one of the many mental shortcuts our brains use to make quick decisions. When presented with options, the mere exposure effect says our Missing: online dating
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